ABSTRACT
The BLUE line of Delhi Metro (DM) has been examined to identify the post COVID-19 access-egress attributes of users. An onboard survey of metro commuters is conducted in February and March 2021. The respondents reported six different modes for access and egress trips to nearest metro stations with 38.7% and 43% users opting for walking for access-egress trip respectively. The E-rickshaw is observed to be most preferred para-transit mode whereas private vehicle has small mode share for access-egress trip. It is revealed that 46.5% of respondents are captive riders whereas 51% owns at least one motorized private vehicle. The average access and egress distance covered by walking is (0.81 +/- 0.32/0.35) Km respectively. The average access and egress trip time by walking is (11.19 +/- 3.73) and (11.07 +/- 4.45) minutes respectively. The average access and egress trip time by E-rickshaw is (13.21 +/- 4.09) and (12.56 +/- 2.95) minutes respectively. The access and egress trip time by motorized modes are in the range of (12.36-14.39) and (10.41-13.56) minutes respectively. The average main haul distance across all access-egress modes is observed to be (19.69 +/- 11.19) Km. To understand the factors influencing the access-egress mode choice multinomial logistic (MNL) regression models are proposed. The access-egress time and distance are observed to be significant factors in access-egress mode choice. Less parking facility offered by DM is significant factor in access mode choice. Occasional commuters are only significant factor in context with frequency of travelling in DM.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus Disease 2019 caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has completely crippled the health and economic sectors across the globe and turned out to be a major threat to human population. The potential role of virus has been considered as an originating cause of tissue injury by disrupting the renin-angiotensin system. However, hyperactive function of immune system also leads to inexorable tissue injury through cytokine storms. Therefore, improved therapeutic interventions have been devised by modulation of the response of immune system. Apart from current ongoing treatments efficacy and safety profile is still a big challenge. MSCs mostly isolated from human bone marrow (BM), in addition to umbilical cord (UC) and adipose tissue (AT) has a great potential for multi-potential differentiation and self-renewal. This manuscript aims to summarize the potential therapeutic applications of stem cell derived therapy with biomedical application in terms of immune-mediated pathophysiological conditions with associated challenges and future advancement.
ABSTRACT
Based on transmissibility and high mortality rate of COVID-19, it has incapacitated the global health care systems and economy. The emergence of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak has put the global population under major life-threatening state. The global expeditious spread of COVID-19 pandemic from China is mainly based on airborne transmission of aerosols and possibly through viral droplets due to close contact with infected individuals especially during speaking, sneezing and breathing. Based on clinical requirements dental practitioners and patients are under considerable huge risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compared to other healthcare professions, the epidemic period of COVID-19 has posed severe limitations in terms of diagnosis and treatment of oral health emergencies due to lack of instructional guidelines, swift and contagious spread of virus presenting devastating situation of cure and prevention. The aim of this article is to share the general perspective and associated challenges of post pandemic impact from dental practitioners, clinicians and faculty affiliated to dental education and clinical dentistry practice across the globe due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. In this article we will focus on our recent understanding related to the prevalence, viral biological characteristic, and mode of transmission and clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2. The potential risk of transmission among dental setup emphasizes the implementation of effective strategies and policies to mitigate the transmission rate and impact of SARS-CoV-2.